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You may have heard or read about it before, but what actually is a by-election?
A by-election, or Pilihanraya Kecil, is an election held for one specific seat when that seat becomes vacant.
This can happen for either a parliamentary seat or a state seat. It does not mean the whole country or the whole state votes again. Only voters registered in the affected constituency can vote in that by-election.
Why does a by-election happen?
A by-election is usually held because an elected representative can no longer continue serving in that seat.
This may happen if the Member of Parliament (MP) or State Assemblyperson (ADUN):
- Dies
- Resigns
- Is disqualified
- Loses the seat under the law
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For example, if a parliamentary seat becomes vacant, voters in that parliamentary constituency may need to elect a new MP. If a state seat becomes vacant, voters in that state constituency may need to elect a new ADUN.
The Parliament of Malaysia describes a by-election as: An election that may be held during a parliamentary term when a seat becomes vacant for reasons other than the dissolution of Parliament.
A by-election is not the same as a general election
While a general election covers all parliamentary seats, a by-election covers only one vacant seat.
In a general election, Malaysians vote to elect MPs across the country. In a by-election, only voters in the affected seat vote. A by-election can happen between general elections if a seat becomes vacant. The voting process is generally similar to a normal election. Parties and candidates can also campaign during a by-election, but only for the affected seat.
How quickly must a by-election be held?
For a vacant Dewan Rakyat seat, the Federal Constitution generally requires the vacancy to be filled within 60 days after the Election Commission establishes that the seat is vacant.
However, there are exceptions, including situations involving vacancies close to the end of a parliamentary term.
For voters, here's what you need to know: Once a by-election is officially triggered, the Election Commission (EC), or Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia, will announce key dates such as nomination day, early voting day where applicable, and polling day.
Frequently asked questions
Does everyone vote in a by-election?
No. Only voters registered in the affected constituency vote.
Can a by-election happen for a state seat?
Yes. A by-election can happen for either a parliamentary seat or a state seat.
Is a by-election a smaller general election?
No. It is an election for one vacant seat, not all seats.
Do political parties campaign during by-elections?
Yes. Political parties and candidates can campaign, but only in relation to the affected seat.
Can a by-election affect who forms government?
It can, especially if the government's majority is small. But most by-elections affect only one seat.
Related election guides
- First-Time Voter Guide: Everything Malaysians Should Know Before Casting Their Vote
- First-Time Voter Guide: How To Research Candidates And Political Parties
- First-Time Voter Guide: Is It Okay To Spoil Your Vote In Malaysia?
- Election Terms Every First-Time Malaysian Voter Should Know
- I Know Nothing About Politics. What Should I Understand Before Voting?
- What Is The Difference Between A Political Party, A Coalition, And A Government?
- How To Check Your Voter Status, Voting Place, And Constituency In Malaysia
Last updated: 4 August 2026
